{"id":930,"date":"2016-03-29T07:54:17","date_gmt":"2016-03-29T13:54:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.draherin.com\/?p=930"},"modified":"2016-03-29T08:03:22","modified_gmt":"2016-03-29T14:03:22","slug":"the-history-and-meaning-of-hamantaschen-peeling-back-the-layers-of-the-purim-treats-also-called-oznei-haman","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.draherin.com\/2016\/03\/29\/the-history-and-meaning-of-hamantaschen-peeling-back-the-layers-of-the-purim-treats-also-called-oznei-haman\/","title":{"rendered":"\u05d0\u05d5\u05d6\u05e0\u05d9 \u05d4\u05de\u05d5 \u2014 The History and Meaning of Hamantaschen"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

By Rabbi Yehudi Shurpin, Chabad.org<\/h5>\n

What comes to mind when you think of\u00a0Purim<\/span>? Costumes, the\u00a0megillah<\/span>, gift baskets, and of course, those delectable three-cornered pastries,\u00a0hamantaschen.<\/i>\u00a0Called\u00a0oznei\u00a0Haman<\/span><\/i>\u00a0in Hebrew, these treats filled with poppy seeds (or other fillings) have been a part of Purim celebrations for centuries. Where did they originate? What do their names mean? And why are they eaten on Purim?<\/p>\n

Join us as we search for the ancient roots of this delicious pastry.<\/p>\n

History<\/h1>\n

One of the oldest mentions of a Purim treat referred to as\u00a0oznei Haman<\/i>\u00a0is in a Purim comedy skit written by\u00a0Yehudah<\/span>\u00a0Sommo (1527- 1592) of Italy.<\/a>1<\/p>\n

Literally translated as \u201cHaman\u2019s ears,\u201d this name led to the myth that the pastries celebrate the cutting off of the wicked man\u2019s ears before he was hanged.<\/a>2<\/p>\n

However,\u00a0\u201coznayim\u201d<\/i>\u00a0can sometimes refer to non-Purim pastries. In fact, in describing the\u00a0manna<\/span>\u00a0which fell from heaven while the Jews were in the desert, both Rabbi\u00a0Yosef<\/span>\u00a0ibn Kaspi (1279-1340)<\/a>3\u00a0and Rabbi Don\u00a0Yitzchak<\/span>Abarbanel<\/span>\u00a0(1437-1508) describe a pastry called\u00a0oznayim,<\/i>\u00a0with no mention of Haman or Purim at all.<\/a>4\u00a0(In many Eastern European cultures, there are stuffed dumplings referred to as \u201clittle ears.\u201d)<\/p>\n

Lastly, there is no documentation of any such barbaric mutilation having been carried out.<\/p>\n

Daniel<\/span>,\u00a0Esther<\/span>\u00a0and the Real Hamantash<\/h2>\n

Although nowadays you can find\u00a0hamantaschen<\/i>\u00a0filled with practically any type of filling (sweet or savory), the classic\u00a0hamantash<\/i>\u00a0was always filled with poppy seeds. Indeed, the very word\u00a0\u201chaman\u201d<\/i>\u00a0can either refer to the wicked Haman or poppy seeds (mohn<\/i>), and the\u00a0Yiddish<\/span>\u00a0word\u201ctash\u201d<\/i>\u00a0means pocket. Thus,\u00a0\u201chamantaschen\u201d<\/i>\u00a0means \u201cpoppy-seed-filled pockets.\u201d<\/p>\n

This is in line with the classic explanation given in the\u00a0Code of Jewish Law<\/span>for eating\u00a0hamantaschen<\/i>\u00a0on Purim:<\/p>\n

Some say that one should eat a food made out of seeds on Purim in memory of the seeds that Daniel and his friends ate in the house of the king of Babylon, as the verse states,<\/a>5\u00a0\u201cAnd he gave them seeds.\u201d<\/a>6<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

But what in the world does Daniel eating seeds have to do with Purim?<\/p>\n

The\u00a0Talmud<\/span>\u00a0explains that Hatach, Queen Esther\u2019s faithful messenger and one of the lesser-known heroes of the Purim story, is a pseudonym for none other than Daniel.<\/p>\n

Furthermore, as we read in the Purim story, when Esther was in the king\u2019s palace, she kept her identity secret. The Talmud explains that since the food was unkosher, she survived on various beans and seeds.<\/a>7<\/p>\n

It is in commemoration of both Daniel and Esther that there is a custom to eat beans and seeds on Purim.<\/a>8\u00a0The way this custom is traditionally observed is by eating pastry pockets, a.k.a.\u00a0taschen<\/i>\u00a0filled with\u00a0mohn<\/i>, poppy seeds.<\/a>9<\/p>\n

Based on this reason for eating\u00a0hamantaschen<\/i>, whenever the classic halachic sources discuss this custom, specific mention is made of the\u00a0hamantash<\/i>\u00a0being filled with poppy seeds.<\/a>10<\/p>\n

In addition to the classic reason for\u00a0hamantaschen<\/i>, many other explanations have been offered to explain this custom. Indeed, just about every aspect of this treat is laden with symbolism. Here are some explanations given.<\/p>\n

The Weakening of Haman<\/h2>\n

\u201cTash\u201d<\/i>\u00a0in Hebrew means \u201cweaken.\u201d Thus, the\u00a0hamantash<\/i>\u00a0celebrates the weakening of Haman and our wish that\u00a0G\u2011d<\/span>\u00a0always save us by weakening our enemies.<\/a>11<\/p>\n

Hidden Messages<\/h2>\n

During the Purim story, many Jews did not believe they were going be completely wiped out.\u00a0Mordechai<\/span>\u00a0convinced them of the seriousness of the threat by sending them numerous letters warning them of the impending doom. Afraid to send the letters by conventional routes lest their enemies intercept them, he sent the letters hidden inside pastries. In commemoration of this, we eat pastries with a filling.<\/a>12<\/p>\n

Hidden Sweetness<\/h2>\n

A well-known insight into the\u00a0hamantash<\/i>\u00a0points to the fact that the filling is hidden inside the dough. In earlier times, our ancestors were accustomed to experiencing open miracles. In a time of exile, we don\u2019t necessarily experience openly revealed miracles anymore. Nevertheless, the Purim story shows that this does not mean that we\u2019ve been abandoned (G\u2011d forbid). On the contrary, G\u2011d is ever present. He\u2019s just operating in a behind-the-scenes fashion, just as the filling of the\u00a0hamantash<\/i>\u00a0is hidden within the dough.<\/a>13<\/p>\n

Three Corners<\/h2>\n

While there is an old legend that Haman wore a three-cornered hat, and to commemorate his downfall, we eat a three-cornered pastry,<\/a>14\u00a0there is a deeper significance as well.<\/p>\n

The\u00a0Midrash<\/span>\u00a0says that when Haman recognized (the merit of) our three forefathers, his strength immediately weakened. Because of this, we eat three-cornered pastries and call them \u201cHaman weakeners (tashen<\/i>).\u201d<\/p>\n

Another reason for corners: The Hebrew word for \u201ccorner\u201d in Hebrew is\u00a0\u201ckeren,\u201d<\/i>\u00a0which literally means \u201chorn,\u201d and can also denote \u201cray,\u201d \u201cfortune,\u201d or \u201cpride.\u201d Thus, the sages understand the verse, \u201cAnd all the\u00a0kerens<\/i>\u00a0of the wicked I shall cut down\u201d as referring to Haman, and \u201cExalted will be the\u00a0keren<\/i>\u00a0of the righteous\u201d<\/a>15\u00a0as referring to Mordechai.<\/a>16<\/p>\n

Kreplach<\/span>\u00a0(Dumplings)<\/h1>\n

No discussion of\u00a0hamantaschen<\/i>\u00a0can ignore its sister food,\u00a0kreplach<\/i>,<\/a>17\u00a0meat-filled dumplings often served in soup. We customarily eat them three times a year: Purim, the eve of\u00a0Yom Kippur<\/span>, and\u00a0Hoshanah Rabbah<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Rabbi Yosef\u00a0ben<\/span>\u00a0Moshe<\/span>\u00a0of Hoechstaedt (1423\u20131490), author of Leket Yosher, is perhaps the earliest halachic authority who mentions\u00a0kreplach<\/i>\u00a0as specifically connected to Purim.<\/a>18\u00a0Kreplach<\/i>\u00a0are also mentioned by Rabbi\u00a0Yoel<\/span>\u00a0Sirkes (the Bach, 1561- 1640),<\/a>19\u00a0his son-in-law, Rabbi\u00a0Dovid<\/span>\u00a0Halevi (the Taz),<\/a>20\u00a0Rabbi\u00a0Yeshaya<\/span>\u00a0Halevi Horowitz (the Shalah, 1565 -1630),<\/a>21\u00a0and many others.<\/p>\n

Various reasons have been given for eating\u00a0kreplach<\/i>\u00a0on Purim, and it seems plausible that some aspects of this custom have transferred over to the\u00a0hamantash<\/i>\u00a0as well.<\/p>\n

Hidden Holidays<\/h2>\n

On most holidays, the sanctity of the day is apparent, since we abstain from many forms of work. There are three times a year when we eat a festive holiday meal replete with meat even though work is permitted and the specialness of the day is somewhat obscured: Purim,\u00a0Erev<\/span>\u00a0Yom Kippur, and Hoshanah Rabbah\u2014the three days when we eat\u00a0kreplach<\/i>.<\/a>22<\/p>\n

Meat and Flour<\/h2>\n

Rabbi\u00a0Schneur Zalman of Liadi<\/span>\u00a0explains, in relation to Yom Kippur, that the meat in the middle of the\u00a0kreplach<\/i>\u00a0signifies the emotional attributes, called the\u00a0middot<\/span><\/i>, whereas the dough enveloping the meat\u2014made from wheat flour\u2014signifies knowledge (da\u2019at<\/i>) of G\u2011d and the\u00a0Torah<\/span>, which is also compared to flour.<\/p>\n

On the eve of Yom Kippur, the innermost attribute of kindness, which is hidden within intellect, shines forth. We pray that G\u2011d\u2019s attribute of kindness and mercy will be revealed in our mind and hearts, and that we too will respond to others with kindness and compassion.<\/p>\n

The\u00a0Zohar<\/span>\u00a0compares the holiday of Purim to that of Yom Kippur. In fact, it is explained that one can accomplish more through rejoicing and celebrating on Purim than one can accomplish through fasting and praying Yom Kippur. This is hinted to in the very names of the holidays, for Yom Kippur can be read as Yom Haki-Purim\u2014the day which is (only)\u00a0like<\/b>\u00a0Purim.<\/a>23<\/b>\u00a0Therefore, just as on the eve of Yom Kippur we eat\u00a0kreplach<\/i>, we do so on Purim as well.<\/a>24<\/p>\n

Hamantaschen in Exile<\/h1>\n

Although there is no obligation to eat\u00a0hamantaschen<\/i>\u00a0on Purim, many have gone through great hardships just to fulfill this perhaps minor custom.<\/p>\n

Rebbetzin<\/span>\u00a0Chana<\/span>, the mother of the\u00a0Lubavitcher Rebbe<\/span>, writes in her memoirs that when she accompanied her husband, Rabbi\u00a0Levi<\/span>\u00a0Yitzchak Schneerson, into exile for spreading Judaism, it was at times impossible to get anything special for\u00a0Shabbat<\/span>, including bread and candles. One time, she got hold of flour and set aside some in order to bake\u00a0hamantaschen<\/i>\u00a0for Purim. In her words:<\/p>\n

The festival of Purim arrived. We had a\u00a0Megillat Esther<\/span>, which I had once included in a food package I had sent my husband.<\/p>\n

For Purim, we were visited by two evacuees, a young Jewish man, inclined towards Communism, and his female neighbor, an engineer who had once studied Yiddish and was interested in Judaism.<\/p>\n

Some time before, I had set aside some white flour, with which I baked two\u00a0hamantaschen<\/i>. Although it\u2019s a minor custom, it played an important role in our lives, reminding us that we were still human and still Jews, and that not every day was the same. We were reminded that we could be concerned with loftier concepts\u2014not just with thinking about our daily bread, and drawing the pail of water from the well and hauling it through the mud, always spilling some and making the already swampy ground even muddier.<\/p>\n

The two guests were our company for Purim. They regarded\u00a0hamantaschen<\/i>\u00a0as an excessive extravagance and, as was prevalent in that culture, inveighed against the \u201cold-fashioned\u201d customs.<\/a>25<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Thank G\u2011d, most of us do not need to save flour for our\u00a0hamantaschen<\/i>\u00a0and need not fear that we will be denigrated for eating them. So what are we waiting for? Let\u2019s bake some\u00a0hamantaschen<\/i>!<\/p>\n

___<\/p>\n

Footnotes<\/span><\/h6>\n
1.<\/a>\u00a0See C. Shirman, Letoldot Hashira v\u2019Hadrama Haivrit, 2, pg. 52-53, cited by R\u2019 Eliezer Brodt in \u201cThe Origins of Hamentashen in Jewish Literature: A Historical-Culinary Survey Revisited.\u201d<\/span><\/h6>\n
2.<\/a>\u00a0See Yom Tov Lewinsky, Sefer Hamoadim (pp. 153-154).<\/span><\/h6>\n
3.<\/a>\u00a0Metzarif Lekesef on\u00a0Exodus 16:31<\/a>.<\/span><\/h6>\n
4.<\/a>\u00a0See commentary of the Abarbanel on Exodus, ch. 16 (p. 143 in standard edition).<\/span><\/h6>\n
5.<\/a>\u00a0Daniel 1:16<\/a>.<\/span><\/h6>\n
6.<\/a>\u00a0Rabbi Yosef Karo in Beit Yosef on the Tur, Orech Chaim 695 and Rabbi Moshe Isserlis in his gloss to Shulchan Aruch, Orech Chaim 695:2.<\/span><\/h6>\n
7.<\/a>\u00a0See Talmud Megillah 13a; Kol Bo and Orchot Chaim, Laws of Purim.<\/span><\/h6>\n
8.<\/a>\u00a0See Talmud Megillah 13a; Kol Bo and Orchot Chaim, Laws of Purim.<\/span><\/h6>\n
9.<\/a>\u00a0Sefer Matamim, Purim 2.<\/span><\/h6>\n
10.<\/a>\u00a0In addition to the commentaries on Shulchan Aruch, Orech Chaim 695, see, for example, Shulchan Aruch Harav 158:9, Seder Birchat Hanehnin 2:7, and Aruch Hashulchan 695:20.<\/span><\/h6>\n
11.<\/a>\u00a0Otzar Kol Minhagei Yeshurun, 50:11, p. 126.<\/a><\/span><\/h6>\n
12.<\/a>\u00a0Menuchah u\u2019Kedusha 2:20, based in part on Rabbi Moses Alshich.<\/span><\/h6>\n
13.<\/a>\u00a0Rabbi Yisrael Isserlin,\u00a0Menucha u\u2019Kedusha 2:20<\/a>.<\/span><\/h6>\n
14.<\/a>\u00a0Yom Tov Lewinsky in\u00a0Sefer Hamoadim, pg. 154<\/a>.<\/span><\/h6>\n
15.<\/a>\u00a0Psalms 75:11<\/a>.<\/span><\/h6>\n
16.<\/a>\u00a0Sefer Matamim, Purim 3<\/a>.<\/span><\/h6>\n
17.<\/a>\u00a0Their name appears to be related to the French word\u00a0crepe<\/i>.<\/span><\/h6>\n
18.<\/a>\u00a0Orech Chaim, p 34<\/a>. There he writes that his teacher, the famed Rabbi Yisroel Isserlin, would not eat\u00a0kreplach<\/i>\u00a0on Purim since there was an issue of which blessing to make over them. (It seems that they used to be made with some sweet filling, unlike nowadays when they are usually filled with meat.) There is a halachic debate about the blessing recited on a thick dough which was cooked or fried. Some hold that one should recite the blessing of\u00a0mezonot<\/i>even if it looks like bread, since the blessing only goes according to the time it was cooked. Others maintain that one should recite the blessing\u00a0hamotzi<\/i>. Apparently, Rabbi Isserlin was of the opinion that it is like bread and one should recite\u00a0hamotzi<\/i>. The custom is to recite the blessing of\u00a0mezonot<\/i>. If one is eating enough to be satiated, then, if it was fried, one should make sure to only eat it as part of a meal on which he made\u00a0hamotzi<\/i>. See Rabbi Schneur Zalman of Liadi in Luach Birchat Hanehnin 8:11-12 and Seder Birchat Hanehnin 2:12.<\/span><\/h6>\n
19.<\/a>\u00a0Bach to Orech Chaim 168.<\/span><\/h6>\n
20.<\/a>\u00a0Shulchan Aruch, Orech Chaim 168:3.<\/span><\/h6>\n
21.<\/a>\u00a0Shalah, Shaar Haosiot, Kedushat Haachila 2.<\/span><\/h6>\n
22.<\/a>\u00a0Sefer Geulat Yisroel, cited in Sefer Haminhagim (Chabad) p. 58.<\/span><\/h6>\n
23.<\/a>\u00a0Tikunei Zohar 21.<\/b><\/span><\/h6>\n
24.<\/a>\u00a0See Mamarei Admur Hazaken, Inyanim p. 180 and Sefer Haminhagim (Chabad) p. 58.<\/span><\/h6>\n
25.<\/a>\u00a0Memoirs of Rebbetzin Chana, ch. 18<\/a>.<\/span><\/h6>\n
\u00a0Source: Chabad.org<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/h6>\n
\u00a9 Copyright, all rights reserved. If you enjoyed this article, we encourage you to distribute it further, provided that you comply with Chabad.org’s\u00a0copyright policy<\/a>.<\/span><\/h6>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

By Rabbi Yehudi Shurpin, Chabad.org What comes to mind when you think of\u00a0Purim? Costumes, the\u00a0megillah, gift baskets, and of course, those delectable three-cornered pastries,\u00a0hamantaschen.\u00a0Called\u00a0oznei\u00a0Haman\u00a0in Hebrew, these treats filled with poppy seeds (or other fillings) have been a part of Purim celebrations for centuries. Where did they originate? What do their names mean? And why are […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":931,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"spay_email":"","footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":""},"categories":[43,3,4,44,6],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.draherin.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/VgPL8765687.jpg?fit=650%2C245&ssl=1","jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p5MjSO-f0","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":883,"url":"https:\/\/www.draherin.com\/2016\/03\/20\/what-to-expect-at-a-purim-celebration\/","url_meta":{"origin":930,"position":0},"title":"What to Expect at a Purim Celebration","date":"2016-03-20","format":false,"excerpt":"\u00a0\u00a0 If you want to know what to expect at a Purim celebration, expect the unexpected. Of all Jewish holidays, this is the one when people let loose, dress up in silly costumes, have a bit (or more than a bit) to drink, and otherwise act in ways you\u2019d never\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Holiday"","img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.draherin.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/img_3307-2.jpg?fit=500%2C332&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":887,"url":"https:\/\/www.draherin.com\/2016\/03\/21\/mishloach-manot-for-howard-the-hermit\/","url_meta":{"origin":930,"position":1},"title":"Mishloach Manot for Howard the Hermit","date":"2016-03-21","format":false,"excerpt":"By Mendy Kaminker, Chabad.org \u201cThis year we\u2019re not going to allow even one mishloach manot (food gift) in the house,\u201d Shira announced as Purim approached. \u201cAll that candy is bad for the children\u2019s teeth, and Passover is coming! 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